| Query: Where do star polyhedra appear in architecture? |
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ORIGINAL QUERY:
Date:
Wed, 12 Jul 2006
From: Tibor Tarnai
<tarnai@ep-mech.me.bme.hu>
I really want to know about polyhedra in/on churches.
(a) It is very common in Hungary that the peak of the tower of protestant church buildings (mainly Calvinist, but sometimes Lutheran as well) is decorated with a star polyhedron symbolizing the star of Bethlehem (or a mace or both). I would like to know whether there is something similar in other countries.
REMARK. This kind of decoration spread after 1781 when Emperor Joseph II by decree allowed protestants free practice of their religion. (Maybe the star symbol goes back to the time of anti-protestantism and religion war when this object could be considered as a weapon as well, but no intact protestant churches remained from that period, at least I do not know any evidence.) Hungarian Calvinists never put a cross on the top of their churches (they have a star or a cock), but the Lutherans do.
(b) I know that in Rome, the church Sant Ivo alla Sapienza, the dome and the facade of the church San Andrea della Valle, the dome of the Sacresty of St. Peter's catherdal, and many of the Egyptian obelisks are decorated with star polyhedra. I would like to know whether there are other exaples of star polyhedra in Rome and in other places (cities) in Italy.
REMARK. As far as I know, occurrence of star polyhedra in Rome is a consequence of the fact that many popes had stars in their coat of arms. It was a natural intention that if they wanted to represent this 2-dimensional heraldic symbol in 3-space, star polyhedra were used. Up to my knowledge, the first examples are due to Pope Sixtus V (1585-90). Many obeliscs, including that in St Peter's Square are decorated with star-polyhedron-looking objects. In fact they are not polyhedra. They are composed of two equal planar eight-pointed star polygons in a way that one is standing on a point in a vertical plane and the other is rotated by 90 degrees about the vertical axis passing through the supporting point. This object is rather a "nolid" according to Alan Holden's terminology. Later examples are real polyhedra, for instance at the church San Andrea della Valle and the obelisc in Piazza di S. Maria sopra Minerva (under Pope Alexander VII, 1655-67), the obelisk in Piazza della Rotonda (under Pope Clemens XI, 1700-21), as well as the Sacresty of St Peter's (under Pope Pius VI, 1775-99). These are elevated polyhedra, or star polyhedra with extended points.
(c) I know some church monuments in England, decorated with polyhedra: in Salisbury Cathedral, Wimbourne St Giles Parish Church, St Lowrence Church in Reading, Merton College Chapel Oxford. I know also the famous pavement mosaic attributed to P. Uccello, Basilica of St Mark in Venice, and Fra Giovanni's intarsia in the Monastery of Monte Olivetto Maggiore (near Siena) and in the church of Santa Maria in Organo, Verona. I would like to know whether there exist further polyhedra and polyhedral representations in churches.
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NNJ READERS'
RESPONSES:
Date: Thu, 10 Aug 2006 17:17:53
+1000
Scott
Hill <emeraldcity@froggy.com.au>
Most of the examples of stars above churches and obelisks in Rome are heraldic references to the arms of the Chigi family, particularly Pope Alexander VII (reigned 1655-67, prev. Fabio Chigi). Alexander was particularly interested in the arts and improving the planning of the city of Rome. He employed Bernini as architect for many projects.
He moved many of Rome's obelisks to locations more suited to Baroque town planning, and these were then capped with a 3 dimensional version of his arms which represent 6 mountains (in a 3,2,1 tiered arrangement,looking somewhat like a bundle of sausages) and an 8 pointed star above. You often see them above churches and basilica that he built or remodelled and worked into sculptural reliefs as decorative elements.
A good reference site is http://romeartlover.tripod.com/Monti.html
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Date:
Tue, 1 Aug 2006 19:05:37 +0200
From: Dirk Huylebrouck
<huylebrouck@gmail.com>
For your star query: see "Sacred Star Polyhedron", by Istvan Hargittai, in the column "The Mathematical Tourist" of The Mathematical Intelligencer (Vol 18, No 3). It contains 11 illustrations of stars on churches and some discussion.
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From:
Paul Tucker <pktucker@adelphia.net>
Date: Tue, 1 Aug 2006 15:08:37 -0400
Here in central Pennsylvania the Moravian church is famous for its star polyhedra. Do an image search of Moravian Star on Google and you will see what I mean. They are so tied to the Moravian church here that if someone sees some star polyhedra they would wonder how the Moravian church was involved. There is a little history of the Moravian Star at: http://www.mcnp.org/edeb/star.htm
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Date:
Mon, 17 Jul 2006
From: Kim Williams <kwb (at)
kimwilliamsbooks.com>
The sacristy of St. Peter's in Rome has a star polyhedron topped by a cross:
Photograph by I. Hargittai, M. Hargittai, from
Symmetry: A Unifying Concept (Shelter Publications, Bolinas, California, 1994), p. 98.
The spire of Turin's Mole Antonelliana is topped with a star polyhedron, but this is a modern example. Originally the Mole was topped with a sculpture of winged genius, but this was toppled by a violent thunderstorm in 1904 and replaced with the present star, which measures some 4 meters in diameter. I am including a picture just to inspire other NNJ readers to look for other star polygons.
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